Corioamnionitis Histológica Asociada a Muerte Fetal / Histological Chorioamnionitis Associated with Fetal Death

INTRODUCCIÓN. Anualmente ocurren más de 2 millones de muertes fetales a nivel mundial, siendo fundamental el estudio anatomopatológico placentario para disminuir el número de muertes inexplicadas. OBJETIVO. Revisar la literatura existente acerca de corioamnionitis histológica, los criterios para establecer su diagnóstico, su presencia y posible asociación en estudios de causas de muerte fetal. METODOLOGÍA. Se realizaron búsquedas en bases de datos electrónicas para recopilar estudios de causas de muerte fetal que incluyeron corioamnionitis histológica. RESULTADOS. Se encontraron 13 estudios que evaluaron mortalidad fetal y que entre sus causas incluyeron corioamnionitis histológica. DESARROLLO. El estudio microscópico placentario en muertes fetales es esencial al investigar una muerte fetal. Las anomalías placentarias son la causa más común de muerte fetal, la corioamnionitis aguda es la lesión inflamatoria más frecuente. Se detallaron los criterios más relevantes para definir corioamnionitis aguda histológica pero aún no se establece un consenso. Estudios de causas de muerte fetal en años recientes han reportado corioamnionitis histológica entre 6,3% y 41,3% de casos. Las alteraciones inflamatorias del líquido amniótico son una causa importante de muerte fetal, siendo la corioamnionitis la más frecuente en este grupo. CONCLUSIÓN. En estudios para determinar las causas de muerte fetal se evidenció corioamnionitis aguda histológica en hasta el 41,3% de casos, por lo que podría estar asociada a dicho evento. Sin embargo, es necesario establecer un sistema de estadiaje de corioamnionitis histológica mediante un panel de expertos a nivel mundial.

INTRODUCTION. Annually more than 2 million fetal deaths occur worldwide, being fundamental the placental anatomopathological study to reduce the number of unexplained deaths. OBJECTIVE. To review the existing literature on histological chorioamnionitis, the criteria to establish its diagnosis, its presence and possible association in studies of causes of fetal death. METHODOLOGY. Electronic databases were searched to collect studies of causes of fetal death that included histologic chorioamnionitis. RESULTS. Thirteen studies were found that evaluated fetal mortality and that included histologic chorioamnionitis among their causes. DEVELOPMENT: Placental microscopic study in fetal deaths is essential when investigating a fetal death. Placental abnormalities are the most common cause of fetal death, acute chorioamnionitis being the most frequent inflammatory lesion. The most relevant criteria for defining histologic acute chorioamnionitis have been detailed but consensus has not yet been established. Studies of causes of fetal death in recent years have reported histologic chorioamnionitis in between 6,3% and 41,3% of cases. Inflammatory changes in the amniotic fluid are an important cause of fetal death, with chorioamnionitis being the most frequent in this group. CONCLUSIONS. In studies to determine the causes of fetal death, histological acute chorioamnionitis was evidenced in up to 41,3% of cases, so it could be associated with this event. However, it is necessary to establish a histological chorioamnionitis staging system by means of a worldwide panel of experts.

Parámetros del líquido amniótico para diagnóstico de respuesta inflamatoria en parto pretérmino / Amniotic fluid parameters for the diagnosis of inflammatory response in preterm delivery

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el rendimiento del Gram, la glucosa y los leucocitos en líquido amniótico para el diagnóstico de respuesta inflamatoria fetal y materna en pacientes con parto pretérmino. MÉTODO: Estudio de rendimiento de pruebas diagnósticas. Se incluyeron 63 pacientes a quienes se les realizó amniocentesis por sospecha de infección intraamniótica. Se estudió la placenta y se comparó con el Gram, la glucosa y el recuento de leucocitos en líquido amniótico para ver su relación con la respuesta inflamatoria. Se evaluaron la sensibilidad, la especificidad, las razones de verosimilitud (LR, likelihood ratio), los valores predictivos y el valor de kappa. RESULTADOS: Las pruebas con mejor rendimiento fueron en conjunto la glucosa 50/mm3 en líquido amniótico, con una especificidad del 94,3% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 84,6-98,1), LR + 8,83 (IC95%: 2,5-31,2) y kappa de 0,48 (IC95%: 0,15-0,82). También se consideró la propuesta de un nuevo punto de corte para el recuento de leucocitos en líquido amniótico en la respuesta inflamatoria fetal. CONCLUSIONES: La combinación del recuento de leucocitos en líquido amniótico y los valores de glucosa mejora el rendimiento para el diagnóstico de respuesta inflamatoria fetal en comparación con la histopatología de la placenta, lo que proporciona información útil para el enfoque de los recién nacidos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of Gram, glucose and leukocytes in amniotic fluid for the diagnosis of fetal and maternal inflammatory response in patients with preterm delivery. METHOD: A diagnostic performance test study was carried out. Sixty-three patients with preterm labor were included who underwent amniocentesis due to suspected intra-amniotic infection. Histopathology of the placenta was studied and compared with the Gram result, glucose and leukocyte count in amniotic fluid, and their relationship with the maternal and fetal inflammatory response. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, predictive values, and kappa were evaluated. RESULTS: The tests with the best performance were overall glucose 50/mm3 in amniotic fluid for the diagnosis of the fetal inflammatory response, with a specificity of 94.3% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 84.6-98.1%), likelihood positive ratio 8.83 (95% CI: 2.5-31.2) and kappa of 0.48 (95% CI: 0.15-0.82). A new cut-off point for leukocyte count in amniotic fluid to diagnose fetal inflammatory response was proposed. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of amniotic fluid leukocyte count and amniotic fluid glucose values improves performance for the diagnosis of inflammatory response compared with placental histopathology, providing useful information for newborns approach.

Sepsis neonatal precoz: recomendaciones para su abordaje en la práctica clínica / Early neonatal sepsis: recommendations for approach in clinical practice / Sepse neonatal precoce: recomendações para sua abordagem na prática clínica

La sepsis neonatal precoz se define como la que se manifiesta en las primeras 72 horas de vida. Es una importante causa de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal. Su incidencia es inversamente proporcional a la edad gestacional. Los microorganismos considerados como frecuentes son Streptoccocus del grupo B, Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes. El diagnóstico de sepsis precoz se basa principalmente en la presencia de factores de riesgo como la corioamnionitis y la edad gestacional. Los signos clínicos son inespecíficos y los exámenes paraclínicos disponibles actualmente, como los reactantes de fase aguda (proteína C reactiva y procalcitonia) tienen escaso valor predictivo positivo. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de las últimas publicaciones disponibles sobre sepsis neonatal precoz en recién nacidos, en cuanto a su sospecha, confirmación diagnóstica y tratamiento. A partir de las últimas publicaciones se confeccionó una guía para el manejo clínico de los recién nacidos con sospecha de sepsis precoz.

Early neonatal sepsis is defined as that type of sepsis with an onset within the first 72 hours of life and that is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Its incidence is inversely proportional to its gestational age. Frequent microorganisms are group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Early sepsis diagnosis is mainly based on the presence of risk factors such as chorioamnionitis and gestational age. Clinical signs are non-specific and currently available paraclinical tests such as acute phase reactants (C-reactive protein and procalcitonin) have little positive predictive value. A bibliographic review of the suspicion, diagnostic confirmation and treatment on Early Neonatal Sepsis in newborns in the latest papers and guidelines were prepared for the clinical treatment of newborns with suspected early sepsis.

A sepse neonatal precoce é definida como aquela que se manifesta nas primeiras 72 horas de vida e que é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal. Sua incidência é inversamente proporcional à idade gestacional. Os microrganismos considerados frequentes são o Streptococcus grupo B, Escherichia coli e Listeria monocytogenes. O diagnóstico de sepse precoce baseia-se principalmente na presença de fatores de risco como a coioamnionite e a idade gestacional. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos e os testes para-clínicos atualmente disponíveis, como reagentes de fase aguda (proteína C-reativa e procalcitonia) têm pouco valor preditivo positivo. Fizemos uma revisão bibliográfica das últimas publicações disponíveis sobre sepse neonatal precoce em recém-nascidos em termos de suspeita e confirmação diagnóstica e tratamento. Com base nas últimas publicações, elaboramos um guia para o manejo clínico de recém-nascidos com suspeita de sepse precoce.

Beneficios de los antibióticos en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino y factores que intervienen en la eficacia del tratamiento: revisión narrativa / Benefits of antibiotics in preterm premature rupture of membranes and factors involved in the efficacy of the treatment: narrative review

Resumen El parto prematuro es la principal causa de morbilidad y de mortalidad perinatal, y hasta un tercio de los casos presentan rotura prematura de membranas. La infección intrauterina que asciende desde la vagina es su principal causa en un hospital público de Chile. Esta revisión narrativa mediante búsqueda en PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct y Wiley Online Library incluye estudios publicados sobre los diferentes factores infecciosos que intervienen en el resultado adverso perinatal y la eficacia de los antibióticos en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino. Además, contiene recomendaciones de sociedades científicas sobre el uso de antibióticos en estos casos. Los ensayos concluyen que los antimicrobianos prolongan el embarazo, disminuyen la corioamnionitis clínica y reducen variadas morbilidades neonatales, pero no reducen la mortalidad perinatal ni las secuelas tardías en la infancia. Los resultados adversos obstétricos, especialmente los neonatales, y las secuelas dependen de la existencia de invasión microbiana de la cavidad amniótica o de infección cérvico-vaginal, de la virulencia de los microorganismos aislados, del compromiso inflamatorio/infeccioso de la placenta (corioamnionitis histológica, funisitis) y de la respuesta inflamatoria fetal. Para mejorar los resultados adversos obstétricos neonatales en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino, los esquemas de antibióticos deben ser eficaces, cubriendo el amplio espectro microbiológico existente y actuando sobre los factores infecciosos implicados en la gravedad de la infección. Además, deben administrarse de manera intensiva y prolongada hasta el parto.

Abstract Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and up to a third of them have premature rupture of membranes. Intrauterine infection that rises from the vagina is its main cause in a public hospital in Chile. This narrative review by searching PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct and Wiley Online Library includes published studies of the different infectious factors involved in perinatal adverse outcome and of the efficacy of antibiotics in preterm premature rupture of membranes. It also contains recommendations from scientific societies on the use of antibiotics in these cases. These trials conclude that antimicrobials prolong pregnancy, decrease clinical chorioamnionitis, and reduce various neonatal morbidities, but do not reduce perinatal mortality or infant sequelae. Obstetric and especially neonatal adverse outcomes in these patients depend on the existence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and/or cervicovaginal infection, of the virulence of the isolated microorganisms, of inflammatory/infectious involvement of the placenta (histological chorioamnionitis, funisitis) and fetal inflammatory response. To improve adverse neonatal obstetric outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes, antibiotic regimens must be effective, covering the wide existing microbiological spectrum and acting on infectious factors responsible for the severity of the infection. In addition, they must be administered aggressively and for a long time until delivery.

Infección por listeria monocytogenes en el embarazo, asociado a desprendimiento de placenta y complicaciones perinatales: reporte de un caso / Listeria monocytogenes infection in pregnancy, associated with placental abruption and perinatal complications: case report

INTRODUCCIÓN la listeriosis, aunque es una infección infrecuente, debe ser considerada en pacientes inmunocomprometidos y gestantes, especialmente en aquellos que consumen alimentos crudos o productos lácteos no pasteurizados, lo que pone en riesgo a un gran número de mujeres embarazadas en países de habla hispana. Es importante que el médico considere su inclusión en los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales cuando la sospecha clínica lo amerite, lo que permitirá hacer un diagnóstico temprano y por lo tanto un tratamiento oportuno, evitando así las posibles complicaciones en el binomio madre-hijo. CASO CLÍNICO clínico multigestante, con embarazo de 33 + 5 semanas, que ingresó a una institución de alto nivel de complejidad en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, por síndrome febril asociado a sepsis obstétrica debido a infección intraamniótica por Listeria monocytogenes, que requirió cesárea de urgencia, en donde se evidenció un desprendimiento placentario del 100 % secundario al proceso infeccioso y asociado a complicaciones neonatales. CONCLUSIONES: el diagnóstico de listeriosis gestacional supone un reto clínico por su presentación inespecífica y baja incidencia. Sin embargo, las consecuencias obstétricas arrastran una gran morbilidad de la madre y morbi-mortalidad neonatal, lo que hace de suma importancia que el clínico lo tenga presente en su arsenal diagnóstico, ya que una vez diagnosticado, el tratamiento oportuno tiene desenlaces clínicos favorables.

INTRODUCTION: although listeriosis is a rare infection, it should be considered in immunocompromised patients and pregnancy, especially in those who consume raw food or unpasteurized dairy, which puts a large number of pregnant women in Hispanic countries at risk. It is of special importance for physicians to include listeriosis among possible diagnoses when clinical suspicion arises in order to timely treat it and thus avoid the complications that may occur in the mother-child binomial. CLINICAL CASE: a pregnant woman (33 + 5 weeks) with multiple gestations, was admitted to a high level of complexity institution in the city of Medellín, Colombia, presenting a febrile syndrome associated with obstetric sepsis due to intra-amniotic infection by Listeria monocytogenes, which required emergency cesarean section where a 100 % placental abruption was evidenced secondary to the infectious process and associated with neonatal complications. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of gestational listeriosis is a clinical challenge due to its nonspecific presentation and low incidence. However, the obstetric consequences drag a great maternal morbidity and neonatal morbidity and mortality, which is why it is important for physicians to consider this in the diagnostic arsenal because once diagnosed, the appropriate treatment has favorable clinical outcomes.

Association of different stages of histological chorioamnionitis with respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants with a gestational age of < 32 weeks / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the association of different stages of histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) with the incidence rate and severity of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants.@*METHODS@#Related data were collected from the infants and their mothers who were treated in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, from January 2018 to June 2020. According to the presence or absence of HCA and its stage, the infants were divided into four groups: control (@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control and late-stage HCA groups, the early-stage HCA group had a significantly lower incidence rate of placental abruption and a significantly higher rate of prenatal use of antibiotics (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Early-, middle-, and late-stage HCA can reduce the incidence rate of RDS in preterm infants. HCA stage may not be correlated with RDS severity in preterm infants, which needs to be verified by further research.

Influence of premature rupture of membranes on the early prognosis of extremely premature infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the influence of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) on the early prognosis of extremely premature infants, and to provide a basis for the management of extremely premature infants and prenatal consultation.@*METHODS@#A total of 179 extremely premature singleton infants who were born from 2017 to 2019 were enrolled. According to the presence or absence of PROM, they were divided into two groups: PROM group (@*RESULTS@#Compared with the non-PROM group, the PROM group had significantly higher incidence rates of earlyonset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (@*CONCLUSIONS@#PROM increases the incidence rates of early-onset sepsis and NEC in extremely premature infants and does not increase the incidence rates of other adverse outcomes. For pregnant women with PROM at the risk of extremely preterm delivery, prevention of miscarriage and chorioamnionitis is recommended to prolong gestational weeks, reduce the incidence rate of infection, and thus improve the outcome of extremely premature infants.

Riesgo de daño cerebral en prematuros menores de 34 semanas expuestos a corioamnionitis histológica, Lima, Perú / Risk of brain damage in premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age exposed to histological chorioamnionitis Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar el riesgo de daño cerebral en prematuros menores de 34 semanas expuestos a corioamnionitis histológica (CAH). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia, durante el 2015. Fueron incluidos prematuros menores de 34 semanas que tuvieran examen histopatológico de la placenta. Los tipos de CAH evaluados fueron subcorionitis, corionitis, corioamnionitis, con o sin funisitis. El daño cerebral se evaluó en tres periodos de edad, entre 0 y 7 días, entre 7 y 30 días y a las 40 semanas gestacionales corregidas. Se realizó un seguimiento neurológico y controles con ecografía cerebral. Resultados: Se estudiaron 85 prematuros, 47,1% eran mujeres y la media de la edad gestacional fue de 30,9 semanas. El 42% (36/85) nacieron expuestos a CAH. La ruptura prematura de membrana fue la principal generatriz de sepsis, y la sepsis se relacionó con daño neurológico. La CAH estuvo asociada con hemorragia intraventricular (HIV) durante la primera semana y con lesiones de la sustancia blanca entre los 7 y 30 días de edad (p = 0,035). El tipo corioamnionitis de CAH se asoció al daño neurológico durante la primera semana (RR = 2,11; IC 95%: 1,09-4,11) y entre los 7 y 30 días de vida (RR = 2,72; IC 95%: 1,07-6,88). Conclusiones: La corioamnionitis fue un factor de riesgo para desarrollar lesiones cerebrales en prematuros menores de 34 semanas, para HIV durante los primeros 7 días y lesiones de sustancia blanca entre los 7 y los 30 días de edad. A las 40 semanas de edad corregida, los prematuros extremos con CAH tuvieron lesiones cerebrales más extensas.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess the risk of brain damage in premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age exposed to histological chorioamnionitis (HCA). Materials and methods: A cohort study was conducted at the Hospital Cayetano Heredia, during 2015. Premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age, who had histopathological examination of the placenta, were included. The types of HCA evaluated were sub-chorionitis, chorionitis, chorioamnionitis, with or without funisitis. Brain damage was evaluated in three age periods, between 0 and 7 days, between 7 and 30 days and at 40 weeks of corrected gestational age. A neurological follow-up and regular controls were performed with brain ultrasound. Results: A total of 85 premature infants were included, 47.1% were women and the mean gestational age was 30.9 weeks. From the total, 42% (36/85) were born exposed to HCA. Premature rupture of membranes was the main cause of sepsis, which was related to neurological damage. HCA was associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) during the first week and with white matter lesions between 7 and 30 days of age (p = 0.035). The chorioamnionitis type of HCA was associated with neurological damage during the first week (RR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.09-4.11) and between 7 and 30 days of age (RR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.07-6.88). Conclusions: Chorioamnionitis was a risk factor for developing brain injuries in premature infants under 34 weeks of gestational age. It was also a risk factor for HIV during the first 7 days and for white matter injuries between 7 and 30 days of age. At 40 weeks of corrected gestational age, extreme premature infants with HCA had more extensive brain damage.

The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP)

OBJECTIVES: Evidence suggests that infection or inflammation is a major contributor to early spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the development and causes of maternal infection associated with maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with sPTB. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter cross-sectional study with a nested case-control component, the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP), conducted from April 2011 to July 2012 in 20 Brazilian referral obstetric hospitals. Women with preterm birth (PTB) and their neonates were enrolled. In this analysis, 2,682 women undergoing spontaneous preterm labor and premature pre-labor rupture of membranes were included. Two groups were identified based on self-reports or prenatal or hospital records: women with at least one infection factor and women without any maternal infection (vulvovaginitis, urinary tract infection, or dental infection). A bivariate analysis was performed to identify potential individual risk factors for PTB. The odds ratios (ORs) with their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: The majority of women with sPTB fulfilled at least one criterion for the identification of maternal infection (65.9%), and more than half reported having urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Approximately 9.6% of women with PTB and maternal infection were classified as having periodontal infection only. Apart from the presence of a partner, which was more common among women with infectious diseases (p=0.026; OR, 1.28 [1.03-1.59]), other variables did not show any significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Maternal infection was highly prevalent in all cases of sPTBs, although it was not clearly associated with the type of PTB, gestational age, or any adverse neonatal outcomes.

Complicaciones neonatales asociadas al diagnóstico de corioamnionitis histológica en pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo en un hospital de alta complejidad en Colombia / Neonatal complications associated with the diagnosis of histological chorioamnionitis in patients with spontaneous preterm delivery in a highly complexity hospital in Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: La corioamnionitis histológica (CH) es causa importante de parto pretérmino y se asocia a resultados neonatales adversos, con secuelas del neurodesarrollo. Ocurre en alrededor de un 20% de embarazos a término y 60% de pretérmino. Este proceso está asociado a varias complicaciones neonatales, entre las más frecuentes: sepsis neonatal temprana, menor edad gestacional y mayor estancia hospitalaria. OBJETIVO: Establecer la asociación de complicaciones neonatales con el diagnóstico de CH en pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo en un hospital de alta complejidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, se incluyeron 160 pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo con estudio histopatológico de la placenta según protocolo institucional. Se recolectan las características basales de la gestante y complicaciones neonatales. Se calcula la prevalencia de CH, y se comparan dos grupos (con y sin) la asociación de complicaciones neonatales, distribuidas por edad gestacional y peso neonatal. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de CH es de 69% (IC95%: 61-76). Al distribuir por edad gestacional se reporta: 87% en 34 (IC 95%: 45 -67). La CH entre las 28 - 34 y > 34 semanas, se asocia a mayor sepsis neonatal temprana (p 2000 g se asocia con sepsis neonatal (p<0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de CH es alta, principalmente a menor edad gestacional, se asocia a complicaciones neonatales como la sepsis neonatal temprana.

INTRODUCTION: Histological chorioamnionitis (HC) is an important cause of preterm delivery and is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, with sequelae of neurodevelopment. It occurs in about 20% of full-term and 60% preterm pregnancies. This process is associated with several neonatal complications, among the most frequent: early neonatal sepsis, younger gestational age, and longer hospital stay. OBJECTIVE: To establish the association of neonatal complications with HC diagnosis in patients with spontaneous preterm delivery in a highly complexity hospital in Colombia. RESULTS: The prevalence of HC is 69% (95% CI: 61-76). When distributed by gestational age, it is reported: 87% in 34 (95% CI: 45-67). HC between 28 - 34 and > 34 weeks, is associated with higher early neonatal sepsis (p 2000 g is associated with early neonatal sepsis (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HC is high, mainly at a lower gestational age, it is associated with neonatal complications such as early neonatal sepsis.

Procalcitonina, como predictor subclínico de corioamnionitis / Procalcitonin, as subclinic predictor of corioamnionitis

OBJETIVOS: determinar la importancia de la Procalcitonina sérica como predictor subclínico de Corioamnionitis en pacientes con Ruptura prematura de membranas, en el Hospital Materno Infantil German Urquidi. MÉTODOS: al no haber estudios sobre procalcitonina sérica en el diagnóstico precoz de corioamnionitis subclínica, este estudio está enmarcada en un enfoque cuasiexperimental y prospectivo; se incluyeron a 85 pacientes a partir de una población de 280 que ingresaron con diagnóstico de Ruptura Prematura de Membranas de 28 a 32 semanas de gestación en el Hospital Materno Infantil German Urquidi, de abril 2017 a febrero 2018. Se hizo una revisión documentada, validación de formulario, recolección de datos, determinación de procalcitonina sérica seriada, utilizándose como prueba de contraste los criterios de Gibss, procediéndose con análisis de datos, conclusiones y recomendaciones. RESULTADOS: entre el día 2 a 8 de RPM un promedio 10,53% de la población estudiada, no teniendo datos clínicos de corioamnionitis presento resultados de procalcitonina sérica mayor a 0,5 ng/ml considerándose positiva sugerente de infección. Se evidencio, diferencias estadísticas significativas relativas con un incremento paulatino de los indicadores clínicos principalmente en los días 5 y 8 en un 10,5 % y 16,4% respectivamente; haciendo referencia que la Procalcitonina parece ser un marcador competente precoz de infección. Se pudo establecer para la procalcitonina sérica en el diagnóstico de corioamnionitis subclínica, una sensibilidad del 72 %, una especificidad de 66.6%, un valor predictivo positivo del 62%, un valor predictivo negativo del 36,9%, cuando se aplica entre el día 2 a 8 de RPM. CONCLUSIONES: la procalcitonina sérica debería ser tomado en cuenta como una alternativa diagnostica de Corioamnionitis subclínica para tomar conductas oportunas.

OBJECTIVES: to determine the importance of serum procalcitonin as a subclinical predictor of chorioamnionitis in patients with premature rupture of membranes at the German Urquidi Maternal and Child Hospital. METHODS: in the absence of studies on serum procalcitonin in the early diagnosis of subclinical chorioamnionitis, this study is framed in a quasi-experimental and prospective approach; We included 85 patients from a population of 280 who were admitted with a diagnosis of Premature Membrane Rupture from 28 to 32 weeks of gestation in the German Urquidi Maternal and Child Hospital, from April 2017 to February 2018. A documented review, form validation, data collection, determination of serial serum procalcitonin was performed, using the Gibss criteria as a contrast test, proceeding with data analysis, conclusions and recommendations. Results: between day 2 to 8 of RPM, an average of 10.53% of the studied population, not having clinical data of chorioamnionitis, showed results of serum procalcitonin greater than 0.5 ng / ml, considering itself positive suggestive of infection. It was evidenced, significant statistical differences with a gradual increase of the clinical indicators mainly on days 5 and 8 in 10.5% and 16.4% respectively; making reference that procalcitonin seems to be a competent early marker of infection. It was possible to establish for serum procalcitonin in the diagnosis of subclinical chorioamnionitis, a sensitivity of 72%, a specificity of 66.6%, a positive predictive value of 62%, a negative predictive value of 36.9%, when applied between days 2 to 8 of RPM. CONCLUSIONS: procalcitonin serum should be taken into account as a diagnostic alternative of subclinical chorioamnionitis to take timely behaviors.

Epidemiological profile of patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes at a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To perform a descriptive analysis of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) cases attended in a tertiary hospital. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of medical records and laboratory tests of patients admitted to a Brazilian tertiary hospital between 2006 and 2011, with a confirmed diagnosis of PPROM and gestational age (GA) at delivery <37 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 299 pregnant women were included in the study. Nine patients evolved to abortion, and 290 pregnant women remained for the final analysis. There was initial diagnostic doubt in 17.6% of the cases. The oligohydramnios rate [amniotic fluid index (AFI) <5] was 27.9% on admission. Chorioamnionitis was initially diagnosed in 10.8% of the patients and was retrospectively confirmed in 22.9% of the samples. The latency period had a mean of 9.1 days. The main reasons for interruption were premature labor (55.2%), GA ≥36 weeks (27.2%), and fetal distress (6.9%). The delivery method was cesarean section in 55% of cases. The mean birth weight was 2,124 grams, and 67% of the neonates had a low birth weight (<2500 g). The GA at delivery averaged 33.5 weeks. The stillbirth rate was 5.3%, and the early neonatal mortality rate was 5.6%. There were complications at delivery in 18% of mothers. CONCLUSION: In one of the few Brazilian reports on the epidemiological profile of PPROM, with GA until 37 weeks and intercurrences generally excluded from assessments (such as twinning and fetal malformations), there is a favorable evolution, with an acceptable rate of complications.

Late stillbirth due to listeriosis

Listeriosis is a sporadic infectious disease, which affects high-risk populations, such as the elderly, pregnant women, newborns, and immunocompromised patients. During pregnancy, listeriosis usually presents like a mild non-specific infection, but it may be responsible for fetal loss, preterm labor, early onset neonatal sepsis, and neonatal death. We report the case of a late stillbirth secondary to maternal chorioamnionitis. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from the amniotic fluid and the fetal pleural fluid. The fetal autopsy revealed a disseminated inflammatory response with multi-organ involvement. This case illustrates the importance of the prevention and the diagnosis of listeriosis during gestation and may help us to understand the physiopathology of fetal loss due to listeriosis.

Corioamnionitis por Listeria monocytogenes: reporte de caso clínico / Chorioamnionitis due to Listeria monocytogenes: clinical case report

La Listeria monocytogenes es un bacilo o cocobacilo grampositivo, móvil, anaerobio, facultativo e intracelular que se adapta a los cambios ambientales extremos. Se transmite por alimentos contaminados. Infecta a recién nacidos, pacientes inmunosuprimidos, adultos mayores y mujeres embarazadas. Se la ha asociado con una elevada mortalidad fetal o neonatal. Puede cursar con un cuadro sintomático leve y autolimitado, pseudogripal inespecífico o tener graves repercusiones maternas y fetales. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente primigesta con embarazo de 19 semanas y corioamnionitis por Listeria monocytogenes. El tratamiento antibiótico iniciado oportunamente es fundamental para lograr la mejoría de la evolución materno-fetal y revertir el cuadro.

Listeria monocytogenes is a Grampositive bacillus or coco-bacillus, mobile, anaerobic facultative and intracellular that adapts to extreme environmental changes. It is transmitted by contaminated food. It infects newborns, immunosuppressed patients, older adults and pregnant women. It has been associated with high fetal or neonatal mortality. May present with a mild and self-limiting condition, non-specific pseudo-flu condition or have serious maternal or fetal repercussions. We present the clinical case of a primiparous patient with a 19-week pregnancy and chorioamnionitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. The antibiotic treatment of opportune initiation is fundamental to achieve the improvement of the maternal-fetal evolution and to revert the clinical profile.

Challenging management of chorioamnionitis with placental listeriosis: lessons from 2 cases

Listeriosis is a rare foodborne infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. It is 12–20 times more prevalent in pregnant women compared to the general population, with a 20–40% mortality rate in neonates. Early treatment with appropriate antimicrobial agents is critical for pregnancy outcomes; however, the infection is difficult to control because the nonspecific clinical manifestations and rarity of the disease often preclude early diagnosis. We encountered 2 cases of pregnancy-associated listeriosis that occurred at 29 and 37 weeks of gestation. Both neonates were delivered by emergent cesarean section due to fetal condition, and one of the preterm infants died immediately after birth. Pregnancy-associated listeriosis should be considered in the management of unexplained fever or inflammatory conditions in pregnant women.

Prevalence of histologic chorioamnionitis in patients with spontaneous pre-term labour in Popayán, Colombia, 2014-2016 / Prevalencia de corioamnionitis histológica en pacientes con trabajo de parto espontáneo. Popayán, Colombia, 2014-2016

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the presence of histologic chorioamnionitis in pregnant women in spontaneous pre-term labour, and to evaluate potential risk factors and association with clinical and paraclinical signs and symptoms. Materials and methods: Descriptive prevalence study with secondary exploratory analysis in pregnant women under 37 weeks of gestation with spontaneous delivery in whom the placenta was used for histopathology testing, conducted over a 2-year period in a high complexity hospital in Popayán, Colombia. Secondary pre-term deliveries were excluded. Consecutive sampling, with a sample size of 166 pregnant women. Social, demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging variables were measured, as well as the placental histopathology test result. The analysis estimated the prevalence of histological chorioamnionitis period. The prevalence ratio as a measure of association and the diagnostic OR (DOR) with its respective 95% confidence interval were obtained. Results: Overall, 160 pregnant women and their placentas were analyzed over a 2-year period. There were positive reports for 110 placentas with histological chorioamnionitis, for a prevalence of 68.75 % (95 % CI: 61.49-76.00), the prevalence being higher in gestations under 34 weeks (PR= 1.48; 95 % CI: 1.20-1.83). Regarding association of signs and symptoms, a significant association was found with fever (DOR= 4.7; 95% CI: 1.05-21.09), maternal tachycardia (DOR = 4.22; 95% CI: 1.81-9.81), foetal tachycardia (DOR = 3.74; 95% CI: 1.23-11.35), absent breathing movements (DOR = 5.16; 95 % CI: 1.43-18.60), amniotic fluid lower than 2 (DOR= 5.67; 95 % CI: 1.24-25.98), and presence of neutrophilia (DOR = 2.97; 95 % CI: 1.44-6.12). Conclusions: The prevalence of histological chorioamnionitis was 67 % in pre-term deliveries and varied in accordance with gestational age.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la corioamnionitis histológica en gestantes con trabajo de parto pretérmino espontáneo, evaluar posibles factores de riesgo y la asociación con signos clínicos y paraclínicos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia, con análisis secundario exploratorio en gestantes con embarazo menor a 37 semanas de gestación, con parto espontáneo, en quienes se dispuso de sus placentas para estudio histopatológico, durante un periodo de 2 años, en un hospital de alta complejidad en Popayán, Colombia. Se excluyeron partos pretérmino secundarios. Muestreo consecutivo, con tamaño muestral de 166 gestantes; se midieron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio e imágenes diagnósticas, y resultado histopatológico de la placenta. En el análisis se estimó la prevalencia de periodo de corioamnionitis histológica. Se obtuvo la razón de prevalencias como medida de asociación y el OR diagnóstico (ORD) con su respectivo intervalo de confianza al 95 %. Resultados: En un periodo de 2 años se analizaron 160 gestantes y sus placentas, 110 placentas fueron reportadas como positivas para corioamnionitis histológica con una prevalencia de 68,75 % (IC 95 %: 61,49-76,00), esta fue más prevalente en gestaciones menores de 34 semanas (RP= 1,48; IC 95 %: 1,20-1,83). En cuanto a la asociación de los síntomas y signos se encontró asociación significativa con la fiebre (ORD = 4,7; IC 95 %: 1,05-21,09), la taquicardia materna (ORD = 4,22; IC 95 %: 1,81-9,81), la taquicardia fetal (ORD = 3,74; IC 95 %: 1,23-11,35), movimientos respiratorios ausentes (ORD = 5,16; IC 95 %: 1,43-18,60), lago de líquido amniótico menor a 2 cm (ORD = 5,67; IC 95 %: 1,24-25,98), y presencia de neutrofilia (ORD = 2,97; IC 95 %: 1,44-6,12). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de corioamnionitis histológica es del 67 % en los partos pretérmino y varió en función de la edad gestacional.

Sepsis neonatal temprana y ruptura prematura de membranas como factor de riesgo en las UCI neonatales / Early neonatal sepsis and premature rupture of membranes as a risk factor in neonatal ICUs

Propósito: conocer el perfil sociodemográfico de madres con factores de riesgo que acuden al Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, con hijos ingresados al área de neonatología por sepsis neonatal temprana, durante el periodo de enero 2013 a diciembre 2014, a fin de establecer la asociación de factores de riesgo maternos con sepsis neonatal temprana. Diseño: estudio observacional, documental. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 29 años, solteras y empleadas privadas; respecto a los factores de riesgo asociados a sepsis neonatal temprana, la ruptura prematura de membranas fue el único factor asociado con una probabilidad 3,3 veces superior de desarrollar sepsis comparado con madres sin ruptura prematura de membrana. No se estableció asociación estadística de sepsis neonatal temprana con corioamnionitis no se estableció asociación con sepsis neonatal temprana, sin embargo que todos los recién nacidos presentaron sepsis neonatal temprana si se presentó concomitantemente corioamnionitis. Con infección de vías urinarias o vaginosis no hubo asociación. Conclusión: existe asociación estadística entre sepsis neonatal temprana y ruptura prematura de membranas, observándose un 33,5% de incremento riesgo (p<0.01). La infección de vías urinarias y la vaginosis bacteriana, asociadas a ruptura prematura de membranas son considerados como factores de riesgo, pero al ser analizadas independientemente, son factores de riesgo de prematurez y no de sepsis neonatal temprana. Hijos de madres con corioamnionitis fueron catalogados potencialmente sépticos y recibieron tratamiento profiláctico, sin demostrarse asociación estadística. (AU)

Purpose: to know the social-demographic profile of mothers with risk factors attending Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín who have children admitted at neonatology with early neonatal sepsis in the period from January 2013 to December 2014; and establish the relation of such risk factors to early neonatal sepsis. Design: observational and retrospective study. Results: the social-demographic profile of the mothers under study shows an average age of 29 years old, private employees, single. From the risk factors associated to early neonatal sepsis, the premature membrane rupture is the only related factor with an OR 3.3 times higher of having children from mothers with this factor. Although chorioamnionitis established no relation to early neonatal, it did appear as a neonatal sepsis risk factor, since all the newborn presented early neonatal sepsis. There was no relation to urinary tract infection and bacterial vaginosis. Conclusions: statistically significant relation to early neonatal sepsis was found with premature membrane rupture, which shows an absolute increase of the risk of 33.5% (p<0.01). When urinary tract infection and bacterial vaginosis vas are associated to premature membrane rupture these are considered risk factors. Although they are not the cause of early neonatal sepsis in themselves, the premature element is considered a risk factor. Newborn from mothers with chorioamnionitis were catalogued as potentially septic and received early treatment, although the association was not established. Keywords: early neonatal sepsis, maternal risk factor, early membrane rupture, chorioamnionitis, urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis.

Inducción del parto versus manejo expectante en ruptura prematura de membranas pretérmino: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Induction of labor versus expectant management in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

RESUMEN Introducción: La ruptura prematura de membranas pretérmino (PPROM) es una patología obstétrica que genera un alto riesgo de morbilidad fetal. Pese a esto, actualmente prevalece la incertidumbre ante el manejo adecuado para ésta entidad. Objetivo: Comparar los desenlaces materno-fetales de la inducción del parto (IL) y manejo expectante (EM) Metodología: Revisión sistemática y metanálisis Fuentes de datos: Se buscó en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIELO y Google Académico. Criterios de elección, pacientes e intervenciones: Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados controlados y estudios de cohortes que compararan el EM e IL en pacientes con PPROM entre la semana 24 a 36 6/7, y que adicionalmente tuvieran en cuenta como desenlaces analizados: sepsis neonatal (NS), síndrome de distrés respiratorio (SDR), muerte neonatal y corioamionitis. Recolección de datos y análisis: La extracción y registro de datos se ejecutó por dos revisores de forma independiente. La evaluación de calidad se realizó con CONSORT y STROBE, según corresponda. Metanálisis: Para cada desenlance, se realizó la estimación del Riesgo Relativo (RR) consolidado, usando modelos de efectos aleatorios. Resultados: Un total de 3378 mujeres con PPROM fueron incluidas en los 9 estudios (8 ensayos clínicos). En el meta-análisis no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la ocurrencia de SDR (RR= 1,08; IC 95%: 0,89-1,31), ni de sepsis neonatal (RR= 0,92; IC 95%: 0,61-1,39), en los tratados con IL comparados con el EM. Tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas en la ocurrencia de muertes neonatales (RR= 1,34; IC 95%: 0,93-1,93) ni corioamnionitis (RR= 0,88; IC 95%: 0,58-1,35). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que no existe evidencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la ocurrencia de los principales desenlaces cuando se compara EM con IL. Más estudios y con mayores tamaños de muestras son necesarios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), is an obstetric pathology that causes a high-risk of morbidities and higher rate of hospital readmission in the first month of life. However, the management of this patology is still uncertain. Objetive: To compare maternal-fetal outcomes of induction of labor (IL) and expectant management (EM) in order to determine the actions to follow. Methodology: Systematic review and meta-analysis Data collection: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIELO and Google Scholar. Selection Criteria, patients and interventions: Controlled randomized clinical trial and cohort studies were included. These studies compared the EM and IL in patients with PPROM within 24 to 36 6/7 weeks and take into account outcomes such as neonatal sepsis (NS), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), neonatal death or chorioamnionitis. Analysis and data collection: Two authors independently executed the extraction and recording of data. Quality assessment was performed with the CONSORT or STROBE score, accordingly. Meta-analysis: For each outcome, a pooled Relative Risk was estimated using random effects models. Results 3378 women with PPROM were included in 9 studies (8 clinical trials). In the meta-analysis, we did not find a statistically significant differences in the occurrence of RDS (RR =1.08; 95% CI: 0.89-1.31 or NS (RR= 0.92; IC 95%: 0.61-1.39), in the IL group in comparison with EM. We did not find either differences in the occurrence of neonatal deaths (RR= 1.34; IC 95%: 0.93-1.93) or chorioamnionitis ( RR= 0.88; IC 95%: 0.58-1.35). Conclusions: The results suggest that there is no evidence of statistically significant differences in the occurrence of major outcomes when comparing MS with IL. Further studies and larger sample sizes will be necesary.

Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de la paciente con diagnóstico de corioamnionitis con embarazo menor de 34 semanas en el Hospital Nacional de la Mujer "Dra. María Isabel Rodríguez" en el período de enero a diciembre de 2015 / Clinical and epidemiological profile of the patient diagnosed with chorioamnionitis with a pregnancy less than 34 weeks at the "Dra. María Isabel Rodríguez" National Hospital for Women in the period from January to December 2015

El estudio se realizó en el Hospital Nacional de Maternidad en los meses de enero a diciembre de 2015. Se revisaron expediente clínico de las pacientes que presentaron Corioamnionitis en embarazo menor de 34 semanas. La corioamnionitis es una patología propia del embarazo que se caracteriza por críterios clínicos y de laboratorio o gabinete para establecer su diagnóstico. Las investigaciones demuestran que inflamación del corión y del amnios se encuentra en 20% de los partos a términos y en el 60% de los pretérmino, por lo anterior se ha tomado de base solo partos prematuros en el estudio. Con este trabajo se identificó el perfil epidemiológico y clínico cuyos criterios influyen en el diagnóstico de esta patología en embarazos menores de 34 semanas, considerando no sólo la prematurez en este caso sino también la necesidad de maduración pulmonar fetal, siendo además esta edad gestacional un criterio importante de referencia a tercer nivel en nuestro medio. Para lograrlo, se realizó una revisión de expedientes clínicos con la finalidad de obtener los datos, guardando la confidencialidad pertinente, para el estudio, que luego fueron vaciados en un base de datos y analizados a fin de tener conclusiones y recomendaciones con base científica. Para el estudio, mediante una revisión bibliográfica se estableció como gold standar para el diagnóstico definitivo de corioamnionitis al resultado de anatomía patológica en base al cual se realizaron los cruces de variables. Entre los principales hallazgos se destacan la sensibilidad de las pruebas indirectas de sepsis por encima del leucograma para la identificación precoz y oportuna de la corioamnionitis, la pobre sensibilidad y especificidad del cultivo de placenta y la E. Coli como el principal agente infeccioso responsable de los casos de corioamnionitis en embarazos prematuros en nuestro centro

Effect of premature rupture of membranes on maternal infections and outcome of preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) on maternal infections and outcome of preterm infants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 441 preterm infants and 387 mothers were enrolled as subjects. According to the presence or absence of PROM, the mothers were divided into non-PROM group with 104 mothers, PROM duration <72 hours group with 90 mothers, and PROM duration ≥72 hours group with 193 mothers. The three groups were compared in terms of clinical features of mothers and infants and complications.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group and the PROM duration <72 hours group, the PROM duration ≥72 hours group had significantly higher maternal age, incidence rate of umbilical vasculitis, and rate of antibiotic use; the PROM duration ≥72 hours group had a significantly higher incidence rate of moderate-to-severe chorioamnionitis than the control group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between the PROM duration ≥72 hours group and the PROM duration <72 hours group (P>0.05). Compared with the control group and the PROM duration <72 hours group, the PROM duration ≥72 hours group had significantly higher incidence rates of pneumonia and intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants; the PROM duration ≥72 hours group had a significantly higher incidence rate of congenital infection and a significantly longer mean length of hospital stay compared with the control group (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences between the PROM duration ≥72 hours group and the PROM duration <72 hours group (P>0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that PROM duration ≥72 hours was an independent risk factors for pneumonia (OR=2.200, 95%CI: 1.386-3.492) and intracranial hemorrhage (OR=2.331, 95%CI: 1.420-3.827) in preterm infants.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PROM duration ≥72 hours significantly increases the risk of placental infection in mothers and it is an independent risk factor for pneumonia and intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants.</p>